inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;"="">截至今年 5 月份,全球吸烟人数已高达 11 亿。inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">
不过,随着各国政策与吸烟危害的普及,越来越多的“烟民”开始尝试戒烟,但常常以失败告终。
众所周知,戒烟失败的因素较多,但让人惊讶的是,戒烟的成功率竟然还与性别差异有关。
近日,一项针对近 38000 名吸烟者的研究就发现,inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(233,="" 101,="" 86);"="">尽管女性吸烟者的数量少于男性,但她们的戒烟成功率却更低。同时,与男性相比,使用戒烟服务的女性超重或肥胖、抑郁和焦虑的发生率更高inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">。
这一研究结果可能为戒烟措施或政策提供思路,说明有必要提供更针对女性需求的戒烟服务。
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;"="">为什么女性比男性更难戒烟?inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">该研究比较了 2001-2018 年法国曾在戒烟机构尝试戒烟者的各项特征与戒烟率。在近 38000 名参与者中,女性占 43.5%、平均年龄 48 岁,男性平均年龄为 51 岁。
首先,研究人员根据参与者的尼古丁依赖程度(HSI)将他们分为轻度、中度和重度依赖三类。结果发现,女性每天平均吸烟 23 支,男性 27 支。男性中 60% 具有严重的尼古丁依赖,女性则只有 56% 。inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 12px;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">而后,参与者需要戒烟至少连续 28 天,研究人员还根据参与者的病史、抗焦虑药物或抗抑郁药使用情况以及医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS),来确定其是否有焦虑和抑郁症状。
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" outline:="" 0px;="" font-size:="" 12px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" outline:="" 0px;="" font-size:="" 12px;"="">(图 | 研究中发现多项因素上的男女差异,如焦虑抑郁、支气管炎、哮喘等健康问题)
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">据论文作者、法国勃艮第大学(University of Burgundy)博士生 Ingrid Allagbe 所说:“研究结果表明,inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(233,="" 101,="" 86);"="">尽管与男性相比,女性的抽烟量和尼古丁依赖程度较低,但她们戒烟更加困难inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">。原因可能是女性焦虑、抑郁等的患病率更高。”
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">不同性别,造成的危害竟也不同
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">此外,Allagbe 还提到,女性在戒烟方面可能面临不同的障碍,这些障碍与害怕体重增加、性激素紊乱和情绪不稳定有关。
因此,inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(233,="" 101,="" 86);"="">本次研究中还对比了吸烟对男性和女性是否造成不同危害inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">。结果发现,与男性(20%)相比,更大比例的女性(27%)会出现超重或肥胖。与女性相比,男性则患高胆固醇、高血压、糖尿病更为常见。但无论男女,吸烟者的心血管危险负担都很高。inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 12px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" outline:="" 0px;="" font-size:="" 12px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">实际上,早在 2019 年,加拿大心血管大会(CCC)上公布的一项研究就表明,女性戒烟的可能性只有男性的一半。究其原因,发现相比男性,女性是否负担得起戒烟药物是一大因素。
所以,正如 Allagbe 所说:“女性需要更具针对性的戒烟措施,提供涉及心理学家、营养师和体育活动专家的多学科方法。”
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">吸烟危害,远比你想象的多得多
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">今年 5 月发表于《柳叶刀》杂志的一篇论文显示:inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(233,="" 101,="" 86);"="">尽管在过去 30 年里,全球范围内的吸烟率有所下降,但 20 个国家的男性吸烟率有所上升,12 个国家的女性吸烟率有所上升inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">。全球吸烟人口的 2/3 来自这 10 个国家:中国、印度、印度尼西亚、美国、俄罗斯、孟加拉国、日本、土耳其、越南和菲律宾。
“吸烟有害健康”已经是全球共识,但具体有哪些危害?恐怕比你想象还要多。
2019 年,在吸烟导致的 800 万人死亡中,170 万人死于缺血性心脏病、160 万人死于慢性阻塞性肺病、130 万人死于气管、支气管和肺癌,以及近 100 万人死于中风有关的疾病。世界卫生组织(WHO)也揭示了吸烟造成不孕不育症、痴呆症、增加术后并发症风险等的可能性。inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">(图 | 烟草、酒精对人体的伤害程度较高,很容易成瘾,来源:Wikipedia)
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">此外,已有研究也证明,inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(233,="" 101,="" 86);"="">吸烟者的平均预期寿命比从不吸烟的人低 10 年inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">。89% 的新烟民是在 25 岁之前染上烟瘾,但过这个年龄就不太可能开始吸烟,因此,政府需要关注年轻人的吸烟情况。inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">一些关于戒烟的小tips
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" text-align:="" justify;="" color:="" rgb(32,="" 63,="" 125);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">要想戒烟,首先应该了解吸烟成瘾的原理:尼古丁进入大脑,结合尼古丁受体,促发多巴胺分泌,激活大脑的奖励机制,于是人觉得舒爽。然后,尼古丁迅速被代谢掉,多巴胺水平下降,吸烟者就会出现戒断反应,并试图寻找下一支烟,以再次获得舒爽的感觉。
因此,“吸烟能够使人精神”本身就是一种错觉。
那么,有哪些小妙招能够帮助我们远离烟草和戒烟呢?
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">不能相信“少吸点儿就不会成瘾”inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">:吸得少固然比吸得多好,但是,务必坚定戒烟的最终目的是完全不抽;inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">药物戒烟inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">:研究显示,尼古丁替代和安非他酮缓释片都可以使戒烟的成功率翻一番。如果使用药物加心理咨询,戒烟成功率可以达到 30%。此外,由于戒烟常常伴随短暂的抑郁症状,所以任何有精神病史、抑郁症史、双相障碍的人要戒烟,都需要定时看医生;inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">占住嘴:inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">感觉想抽烟时,可以用口香糖或健康的零食抢先一步占领嘴巴;另外,多喝水也有好处——研究发现,用吸管小口喝水模拟了吸烟的动作,能在一定程度上帮助缓解不良情绪;inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">寻找无烟区inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">:如果自己的意志力不够,可以多去一些不能吸烟的地方,比如电影院、图书馆或是商场,公共场所的规则也能帮帮助克制吸烟的欲望;inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">谨慎使用电子烟inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">:作为原本被设计来戒烟的替代品,电子烟如今却很可能诱导吸烟,国家市场监督管理总局和国家烟草专卖局发布的通告中提到,大部分电子烟的核心消费成分是经提纯的烟碱即尼古丁;另外,电子烟也有“二手烟”问题——电子烟的气雾可能含有金属颗粒、硅酸盐颗粒等物质,同样会危害周围人的健康。
inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" letter-spacing:="" 0.544px;="" font-size:="" 15px;="" color:="" rgb(62,="" 62,="" 62);"="">总之,珍爱生命,远离烟草,以及任何易成瘾物质。
参考资料:
https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Study-suggests-women-find-it-more-difficult-to-quit-sMOKing-than-menhttps://esc2021-abstract.medicalcongress.online/mediatheque/media.aspx?mediaId=105995&channel=103467https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Women-find-it-more-difficult-to-quit-smokinghttps://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01169-7/fulltextinkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">https://theguideliverpool.com/7-great-ways-to-help-your-MATe-quit-smoking/inkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">https://ourworldindata.org/which-countries-smoke-mostinkMacSystemFont, " helvetica="" neue",="" "pingfang="" sc",="" "hiragino="" sans="" gb",="" "microsoft="" yahei="" ui",="" yahei",="" arial,="" sans-serif;="" font-size:="" 16px;"="">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking